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- Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 23:40:21 -0700
- From: Raymond Beausoleil <beausol@milton.u.washington.edu>
-
- About six weeks ago, Bob Jopson of Bell Labs asked me to write a short article
- on the rudiments of "ftp'ing" for "Optics and Photonics News," the monthly
- magazine for members of the Optical Society of America. He certainly didn't ask
- *me* because I am an expert; rather, I'm a fairly typical user who knows just
- enough Unix to ftp, read mail, etc.
-
- With much help, I managed to write the two-part article below. The first part
- covers the ftp process itself, while the second part describes some approaches
- to downloading and decoding Mac and MS-DOS files from a Unix host to your
- microcomputer. In particular, Mac folks can find out how to get mcvert up and
- running on their system.
-
- The article below is somewhat longer and more detailed than the edited version
- that will appear in O&PN. If you like it, I recommend that you archive it in
- the directory /info-mac/help as ftp-primer.txt.
-
- Regards,
-
- Ray Beausoleil
-
- ----------------------------- Beginning of Part I ----------------------------
-
- An FTP Primer I: The File Transfer Protocol
-
- Ray Beausoleil
- beausol@u.washington.edu
-
- Some of the most capable software packages currently available for
- microcomputers are publicly issued as either "freeware" or "shareware."
- Freeware is generously released by the author without charge, while shareware
- is distributed under a "try before you buy" agreement. Copies of many of these
- programs are archived on mini and mainframe computers throughout the world. If
- your local Unix site is connected to the INTERNET, then you may transfer these
- files to your site and download them to your microcomputer.
-
- FTP is the INTERNET standard File Transfer Protocol. The program "ftp" is
- the Unix user interface to the Internet protocol, and allows you to transfer
- files to and from a remote network host. This article necessarily cannot serve
- as an exhaustive description of the "anonymous FTP" process. (In fact, the Unix
- "ftp" program is only one of many user interfaces to the INTERNET FTP.)
- However, in Part I I will give an example of a typical Unix FTP session, and I
- will list the addresses of a few archive sites for Macintosh and MS-DOS
- software. Next month, in Part II, I will describe some of the techniques for
- decoding and downloading this software to your microcomputer.
-
- FTP is a privilege granted to users of the INTERNET by the administrators of
- sites containing these archives. Please try to restrict your file transfers to
- non-business hours, because you and other FTP users can cause the host computer
- to slow down significantly. In addition, please minimize the time that you are
- connected to the remote site so that others may take advantage of the
- opportunity.
-
- A screen capture of a typical (brief) FTP session is shown in Fig. 1. From a
- Unix machine at the University of Washington ("milton"), I connected to sumex-
- aim.stanford.edu, where a large collection of Macintosh software is archived.
- The numbers in parentheses located on the left margin of Fig. 1 correspond to
- the annotations listed below.
-
- (1) At your Unix prompt, enter "ftp" followed by a space and either the name
- or the numerical INTERNET address of the remote host. Occasionally, a host will
- accept only the INTERNET address. If the remote site is active, then you will
- be connected to the remote FTP server.
-
- (2) When the remote machine asks for your name, enter "anonymous." Some hosts
- limit the number of off-site FTP users; if the number of connections has
- already reached the maximum, you will be asked to try again later.
-
- (3) For your password, you are generally asked to enter your e-mail address,
- such as "beausol@u.washington.edu," followed by a return. However, some systems
- will permit you to enter virtually any text instead.
-
- (4) After these preliminaries, you will enter your local Unix "ftp" command
- interpreter, which will provide you with the "ftp>" prompt. Usually, you will
- first be logged in to a "root directory" that has been set aside for FTP
- purposes by the system administrators; you must then navigate to the archive
- itself. At sumex-aim.stanford.edu, the Macintosh software archive is located in
- the directory "info-mac." You can change the current working directory on the
- remote host using the "cd" command. In the example of Fig. 1, I have also moved
- to the subdirectory "util" on the info-mac directory. Whenever you have
- finished with a particular subdirectory, enter "cdup" at the "ftp>" prompt to
- move up one directory level.
-
- (5) Enter "get" followed by a space and the name of the file to be
- transferred. The file will then be copied to your local Unix directory. In the
- example of Fig. 1, the ".hqx" extension indicates that the Macintosh file has
- been encoded as purely ASCII characters using BinHex (discussed in more detail
- in Part II.) Usually, ASCII is the default FTP transfer mode. However, if the
- file has been archived in binary format, then at the "ftp>" prompt, and prior
- to transferring the file, you must enter "binary." Sometimes, if the file is
- large and the remote system is busy, the transfer may take considerable time.
- To keep an eye on the progress of the transfer, enter "hash" before getting the
- file; then as each 1024-byte block of data is transferred, a "#" hash mark will
- be printed on your monitor. If you would like to see an abbreviated list of the
- files contained in the current directory, enter "ls"; for a more verbose list
- that includes information about each file's size and the date that it was
- archived, enter "dir" followed by a carriage return.
-
- (6) When you are finished transferring the files you need, be courteous and
- log off of the remote machine as quickly as possible. At the "ftp>" prompt,
- enter either "by" or "qui."
-
- These are the most basic commands that you will use during any FTP session.
- You can usually find a complete description of the FTP command interpreter used
- at your Unix site by viewing the "manual pages" (i.e., by entering "man ftp").
-
- There are a number of archives of software for the Macintosh, IBM PC and
- compatibles, and other popular personal computers. In Table I, I have listed
- the name of the host, the Internet address, the directory containing the
- archive, the microcomputer, and the appropriate transfer mode for some of the
- most popular archives. (Of course, virtually all documentation files are stored
- as pure ASCII.) One of the largest and most frequently updated Macintosh
- software archives is maintained at sumex-aim.stanford.edu. I recommend that the
- inexperienced user explore the subdirectory /info-mac/help. OzTeX, the free
- Macintosh implementation of TeX mentioned by Tony Siegman in last month's
- column, may be found at midway.uchicago.edu (University of Chicago); it is
- quite large, so be prepared! The MS-DOS archive at wsmr-simtel20.army.mil
- (White Sands Missile Range) is enormous, but it is difficult to navigate
- because the host does not use Unix. Nevertheless, there are a number of text
- documents in the root directory that describe the FTP commands for the simtel20
- server. A Unix mirror of the simtel20 archive is maintained at
- wuarchive.wustl.edu (Washington University at St. Louis); if you are new to FTP
- on the IBM PC, then an excellent place to begin is the wuarchive subdirectory
- /mirrors/msdos/starter.
-
- The best way to learn more about FTP and other microcomputer archives is to
- subscribe to the appropriate INTERNET news groups. A full description of
- INTERNET news groups is beyond the scope of this article; you'll need to list
- the manual pages for your system news reader or to contact your local system
- administrator to get started. However, news groups of interest to microcomputer
- users have names that begin with prefixes like "comp.sys.mac..." and
- "comp.sys.ibm.pc..." In particular, the news groups "comp.sys.mac.digest" and
- "comp.sys.ibm.pc.d" describe in detail new additions to the archives at sumex-
- aim and simtel20, respectively.
-
- The precise implementation of FTP is site-dependent, so "your mileage may
- vary." But the basics of file transfer are usually easy to master and are well
- worth the effort. Next month, I will describe the basics of decoding and
- downloading files obtained via FTP.
-
- (I am grateful to Geoff Kinnel, Betsy Richards, Geoff Allen, and Jim Matthews
- for their generous assistance in gathering information for this article.)
-
- (C) Copyright 1991 Raymond G. Beausoleil
-
-
-
-
- Figure 1: Screen Capture of an ftp session.
-
- (1) milton> ftp 36.44.0.6
- Connected to 36.44.0.6.
- 220 sumex-aim FTP server (SunOS 4.0/3) ready.
- (2) Name (36.44.0.6:beausol): anonymous
- 331 Guest login ok, send mail address (user@host) as password.
- (3) Password:
- 230 Guest connection 7 (of 25) accepted, access restrictions apply.
- (4) ftp> cd /info-mac/util
- 250 CWD command successful.
- (5) ftp> get unstuffit-deluxe-20.hqx
- 200 PORT command successful.
- 150 ASCII data connection for unstuffit-deluxe-20.hqx
- (128.95.136.1,11969) (172867 bytes).
- 226 ASCII Transfer complete.
- local: unstuffit-deluxe-20.hqx remote: unstuffit-deluxe-20.hqx
- 175534 bytes received in 7.2 seconds (24 Kbytes/s)
- (6) ftp> by
- 221 Goodbye.
-
-
- Table I:
-
- Site Name IP Address Directory Software Mode
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- sumex-aim.stanford.edu 36.44.0.6 /info-mac Mac ASCII
- midway.uchicago.edu 128.135.12.73 /pub/OzTeX/oztex Mac Binary
- wsmr-simtel20.army.mil 26.2.0.74 Non-Unix! MS-DOS Binary
- wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 /mirrors/msdos MS-DOS Binary
-
- --------------------------------- End of Part I ------------------------------
-
- ----------------------------- Beginning of Part II ---------------------------
-
- An FTP Primer II: Downloading and Decoding
-
- Ray Beausoleil
- beausol@u.washington.edu
-
- Last month, in Part I of this article, I briefly described the INTERNET File
- Transfer Protocol (FTP). In particular, I demonstrated how to use the Unix
- "ftp" interface to transfer personal computer software packages from a remote
- archive to your local Unix mainframe or minicomputer. These programs have
- usually been compressed and/or encoded by the archive administrators. This
- month, I will provide a brief introduction to the process of first downloading
- this software to your microcomputer, and then decoding it using special utility
- programs.
-
- The method that you must use to download software from your local mainframe
- computer to your microcomputer depends on the operating system and the software
- installed on the mainframe, and on the configuration of your network (e.g.,
- Ethernet or modem). You should begin by asking your system administrator for a
- list of information transfer protocols that have been installed at your site
- and the commands that invoke these protocols. Some of the most popular
- protocols include XModem, YModem, ZModem, and Kermit. Paul Kelley has described
- XModem and Kermit in his article "Information transfer for personal computers,"
- published in the February 1991 edition of this column.
-
- In Tables I and II, I have listed freeware and shareware telecommunications
- and utility software packages for the Macintosh and the IBM PC, respectively.
- For Macintosh software, I recommend the archive at sumex-aim.stanford.edu
- (INTERNET address 36.44.0.6), located in the directory "/info-mac". ZTerm, an
- excellent shareware telecommunications application program, can be found in the
- directory "/info-mac/comm". ZTerm not only uses the XModem and YModem data
- transfer protocols, but also offers one of the best implementations of the
- ZModem protocol for any personal computer. When you are connected through ZTerm
- to a Unix mainframe that uses the ZModem protocol, you may download a file
- simply by entering "sz" followed by a space and the name of the file. ZTerm
- detects that a file is being sent, identifies the file type, and then chooses
- the correct transfer mode! For local systems which have implemented the Kermit
- protocol, the program MacKermit (also available at sumex-aim.stanford.edu in
- the "/info-mac/comm" directory) provides a robust Macintosh interface.
-
- A huge archive of IBM PC software is maintained at wuarchive.wustl.edu
- (INTERNET address 128.252.135.4), in the directory "/mirrors/msdos". The most
- popular shareware telecommunications package for the IBM PC, ProComm, may be
- found there in the subdirectory named (oddly enough) "procomm". ProComm uses
- the XModem, YModem, and Kermit transfer protocols, and can also follow the
- ZModem protocol through an external command shell using the transfer program
- "DSZ.COM", which should be placed in the same MS-DOS directory as the ProComm
- program itself. After connecting to your local Unix mainframe through ProComm,
- enter "sz" followed by a space and the name of the file to be downloaded. Then,
- through ProComm, enter the MS-DOS gateway (the "DOS shell") and input "dsz rz"
- at the MS-DOS prompt. After the file has been written to your personal
- computer's disk, simply enter "exit" at the DOS prompt to return to ProComm.
-
- As Paul Kelley mentioned in his article, the simplest way to download files
- to your microcomputer is to display the file on your monitor. Both ZTerm and
- Procomm allow you to capture incoming text and write the text to a disk file.
- As described below, you may then decode the files for later use. Almost all of
- the files stored in the large archive of Macintosh software maintained at
- sumex-aim.stanford.edu have been encoded as ASCII (text) characters using a
- format known as BinHex 4. These files have names that end with the extension
- ".hqx", and can be captured directly from your monitor after you have
- transferred them to your local Unix host. You may direct a Unix machine to
- write a ".hqx" file to your monitor by entering the command "cat", followed by
- a space and the name of the file to be transferred. However, almost all of the
- files stored in the IBM PC software archive wuarchive.wustl.edu have been
- stored in binary format. After you have transferred one of these files (e.g.,
- "file.arc") to your local Unix mainframe or minicomputer, you can use the
- command "uuencode file.arc file.arc" to ASCII-encode "file.arc" and then write
- it to your monitor. In both cases, you must decode the ASCII file on your
- microcomputer using one of the utility programs listed in Tables I and II;
- since you will not be able to decode these utilities themselves until after you
- have the utilities, you must obtain copies of their binary executable files
- from a colleague or user group.
-
- A typical binary file can be up to 50% smaller than the corresponding
- encoded ASCII file, and can be transferred to your personal computer in
- proportionally less time. Therefore, if at all possible, you should try to
- download using the binary transfer mode. This is relatively straightforward for
- IBM PC files transferred from the wuarchive.wustl.edu archive and then
- downloaded to a microcomputer using ProComm Plus.
-
- You may decode BinHex Macintosh files into MacBinary files on your local
- Unix host prior to downloading them using a utility such as "mcvert." You may
- build your own copy of "mcvert" by following these steps: (1) transfer the file
- "mcvert-15.shar" from the "/info-mac/unix" subdirectory at sumex-
- aim.stanford.edu using "ftp"; (2) enter "sh mcvert-15.shar" at your local Unix
- prompt, and ignore any error messages caused by the file header; and (3) enter
- "make" at the Unix prompt. This process will create a number of files on your
- directory; you may delete all but "mcvert" itself. Now, to decode any files
- that have the extension ".hqx" (including files that consist of more than one
- part), simply enter "mcvert *.hqx" at the Unix prompt. Your Unix directory will
- then contain files with the extension ".bin", which can be downloaded using the
- MacBinary transfer mode.
-
- Both the Macintosh and the IBM PC binary files that you have downloaded to
- your personal computer are actually miniature archives that contain one or more
- compressed executable and/or data files. These archives can be easily and
- rapidly expanded using the appropriate utility files listed in Tables I and II.
- (The label "sea" designates self-extracting archives which will decompress
- themselves automatically upon launching.) On the Macintosh, files obtained from
- sumex-aim.stanford.edu will usually have extensions such as ".sit" (Stuffit
- Classic), ".cpt" (Compact Pro), or ".sea" (Compact Pro self-extracting
- archive). On the IBM PC, files transferred and downloaded from
- wuarchive.wustl.edu will have extensions such as ".ARC" (PKUNPAK.EXE), ".ZIP"
- (PKUNZIP.EXE), ".LHZ" (LHARC.EXE), ".ZOO" (LOOZ210.EXE), or ".EXE" (self-
- extracting archive or simple executable file).
-
- At first, the downloading and decoding process may seem daunting to you,
- particularly if either the system architecture of your local host is not Unix,
- or the software installed on that system does not follow one of the few
- examples that I have given in this article. Rest assured that others have
- almost certainly solved your problems already; one of your most dependable
- resources is the knowledge of your colleagues. Alternatively, as I mentioned
- briefly in Part I, you may learn more about personal computer
- telecommunications by subscribing to the appropriate INTERNET news groups. If
- you ask the right people the right questions, you might find that while you may
- not be able stand upon the shoulders of giants, you may be able to stand upon
- their feet.
-
- (I am grateful to John McGarvey, Matt Derstine, Geoff Kinnel, Betsy Richards,
- David Faust, and Geoff Allen for their generous assistance in gathering
- information for this article.)
-
- (C) Copyright 1991 Raymond G. Beausoleil
-
- Table I: Files obtained from sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) in the
- directory /info-mac (ASCII Transfer Mode)
-
- File Name Location Description
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- file-types.txt help Brief list of sumex-aim file types
- zterm-085.hqx comm ZTerm (X,Y,ZModem; no Kermit)
- mackermit-098.hqx comm MacKermit (No X,Y,ZModem)
- stuffit-16-part1.hqx util Stuffit Classic w/BinHex 4 (sea)
- stuffit-16-part2.hqx util
- compact-pro-13.hqx util Compact Pro w/BinHex 4 (sea)
- mcvert-15.shar unix Unix shell archive for mcvert
-
-
-
- Table II: Files obtained from wuarchive.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4) in the
- directory /mirrors/msdos (Binary Transfer Mode)
-
- File Name Location Description
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- 00-files.doc starter Description of wuarchive file types
- 00-index.txt starter Descriptions of files in /starter
- prcm243.arc procomm ProComm shareware communications program
- prcm243d.arc procomm ProComm documentation
- prcm243d.arc procomm ProComm utilities
- dsz0404.zip zmodem DSZ.COM (ZModem for ProComm)
- pk361.exe starter PKPAK.EXE/PKUNPAK.EXE (sea)
- pkz110eu.exe starter PKZIP.EXE/PKUNZIP.EXE (sea)
- lh113c.exe starter LHARC.EXE (sea)
- looz210.com starter ZOO archive extracter/lister
- uudecode.com starter Convert ASCII uuencoded files to binary
-
- --------------------------------- End of Part II -----------------------------
-
-